Identify and explain in writing at least two congenital malformations

Identify and explain in writing at least two congenital malformations among children and adults not caused by single genes or chromosome defects and at least two diseases that are caused by single genes or by abnormalities of single chromosomes.

UNRS 425 Nursing Research

Postoperative Ileus (POI) is the most common complication after abdominal surgery such as colectomy, gastrectomy, and appendectomy in Africa. It causes longer hospital stays, higher morbidity, and a higher cost to patients (Ngowe, Eyenga, Kengn, Bahebeck, & Sosso, 2010). Research shows that nasogastric intubation which is supposed to be the treatment of choice of POI has a trivial effect in gastric motility in the stomach. In addition, early ambulation, early feeding with liquid diet, and medications has been introduced to treat POI after abdominal surgery did also a little help in shortening the time of first bowel elimination or oral intake after abdominal surgery. A less known method know as sham feeding in the form of gum chewing after abdominal surgery has been found to have a significant impact in stimulating bowel function after surgery which will result in early hospital discharge (Ngowe et. al., 2010).

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Sample

The size of the study consists of 26 men and 20 women and the age range were 17 to 73 years old. Fifteen patients came from rural areas and thirty-one patients live in town. Simple random sampling was used in the study were each participant have an equal chance of being selected as a subject (Polit & Beck, 2014). Patients were divide into two groups: chewing group and control group. The chewing gum group were given chewing gum three times a day when they become conscious after the surgery until gastric motility returns. Patient demographic, intraoperative, postoperative care were all the same (Ngowe et. al., 2010). Patients will be qualified to participate in the study if they undergone an open appendectomy, it maybe elective or emergency. The randomized study happened at a University teaching hospital in Africa. According to Polit and Beck (2014), quantitative research usually pursues to gather data in one specific setting to maintain uniformity of condition of the sample.

Critique

“Sampling is a critical part of the design of the quantitative research” (Polit & Beck, 2014). In the article Chewing Gum Reduces Postoperative Ileus after Open Appendectomy by Ngowe et al (2010), the researcher focused on a restricted sample of forty-six patient and on one demographic population which will create a potential bias. These biases can affect the quality and validity of the evidence in both qualitative and quantitative research studies. The researcher did not include other factors such as patient hydration, ambulation, past or recent medical history, diet after surgery, ingredient of the sugarless gum, and patient psychosocial status. These factors are frequently overlook but it has a significant impact of the outcome of the research study (Polit & Beck, 2014).