Epidemiology of Health Promotion
Health promotion is a process that enables individuals to have control over their health. The primary goal is to improve the determinants of health related to natural, social, and economic environments in which people live (CDC, 2014). In the United States, National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] are the two major institutions that accomplish this task. These two organizations serve as centers where individuals get answers regarding their health-related questions about a certain disease, nutrition, or exercise. In addition, these agencies conduct research to identify the latest preventative approaches with respect to maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Prevention
Preventive care involves a number of clinical practices to identify risk factors and modify potential complications emanating from a disease. Periodic health examination plays a fundamental role in assessing the overall health status of a person in order to prevent mortality and morbidity by detecting modifiable risk factors and early signs of treatable diseases. Therefore, physicians use evidence-based practices to collect information that guides them to provide specific recommendations on how to maintain good health and prevent infections (Fletcher, Suzanne & Grant, 2014). Evaluation of the body includes auscultation, palpation (feeling), inspection, and percussion. Furthermore, the examination process may also comprise discussing with the patient regarding his/her medical history relating to past medical conditions, medications, allergies, and any problems or symptoms they may be experiencing.
There are four types of preventive care that include screening, behavioral counseling, immunizations, and chemoprevention. In the clinical environment, the physicians ensure that preventive care activities are integrated into the daily care (AHRQ, 2014). Immunization for infants and children aims at making their body immune or resistant to any infectious diseases. Childhood immunization is critical and helps to prevent a child from diseases such as measles, mumps, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, pneumococcal diseases as well as rubella. In addition, DTP boosters, influenza, and pneumococcal vaccinations are effective in adults.
Screening, on the other hand, is a process that involves the identification of risk factors or asymptomatic disease. Screening tests are a continuous process that begins in the prenatal stage and happens throughout life (Fletcher et al., 2014). Behavioral counseling aims at encouraging lifestyle changes such as moderation in alcohol use, healthy eating, engaging in physical activities, having regular preventive healthcare screening, having adequate sleep, managing stress, and avoiding tobacco smoking. Lastly, chemoprevention involves using medication to prevent or lower the risk of developing diseases. The drugs are used in all people including children and older adults. Examples of such drugs include ocular antibiotic prophylaxis, statin treatment, folate, as well as aspirin prophylaxis.
Chance
Clinicians understand the nature and scope of a disease through clinical experience or by conducting a formal research. Hypothetical testing and estimation are major approaches used to determine the chance of disease occurrence and their relation to a person’s well-being (Fletcher et al., 2014). Therefore, the results are determined by bias and chance. The principal conclusion is to determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of certain preventive or treatment practices to assist in patient care.
Cause
The cause is fundamental to practicing physicians because it guides them in accomplishing their activities related to diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment. Therefore, having sufficient knowledge relating to cause-and-effect of a disease helps the physicians to formulate successful preventive and curative strategies (Fletcher et al., 2014). For instance, by suggesting for regular blood pressure checkup, physicians understand that hypertension cause mortality and morbidity and its prevention helps to mitigate possible deaths likely to emanate from congestive heath failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. In addition, therapeutic intervention also depends on the causal relationship between the disease and the agent.
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