Children’s understanding the links between morality and intentional judgement by norm status
Introduction
The foreseen side effect of children’s judgment of intentional acts are influenced by their moral judgments, such that they are more likely to make intentional attributions to acts that are morally wrong than morally right (Leslie, Knobe & Cohen, 2006). The example scenario of morally bad outcomes attribute intentional acts, it involves a company that wanted to start a new program which would have expected side-effects. The company continued with the program since they intended to make a profit while disregarding the harmful consequences to the environment (Knobe, 2013). Most adult participants recognise the agent’s intentional action towards harming the environment condition (negative consequences) and the agent’s unintentional towards helping the environment condition (positive consequences). Intentional judgement is based on morally bad outcomes whereas unintentional is based on morally good outcomes which refers as side-effect effect (S-EE).
Furthermore, similar S-EE can be seen in children’s intentional judgement towards negative outcomes. Children’s theory of mind (TOM) is related to moral development when they judge intention. As Children’s theory of mind development is capable of understanding another person’s mental states such as beliefs, desire and intentions whereas moral development is ability to distinguish between morally right and wrong. Therefore, children with higher level of theory of mind are able to consider intention when they judge morally good or bad actions (Loureiro & Souza, 2013). Moreover, children from ages 3 year old have different intentional judgements compared to older children (> 5 year old) and adults (Leslie et al., 2006; Rakoczy, Behne, Clüver, Dallmann, Weidner & Waldmann, 2008). The study shows that 3-years old children have intentional judgement bias towards negative outcomes. In contrast, the “side-effect” judgement is noticeable in the four and five years old preschool children. The study says that when children create a harmful outcome that affects others, it is intentional and morally wrong.
In the experiment, 3 to 5-years-old children were asked to judge intentional vs unintentional acts based on SEE, by predicting a person’s (receiver) desires and feelings relating to happiness or sadness. Children are asked to judge the giver’s intention by the
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